R2(config)#int s3/0
R2(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
R2(config-if)#no frame-relay inverse-arp
R2(config-if)#ip ad 12.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 12.0.0.1 201 broadcast
R2(config-if)#no sh

R1#show ip ospf int
Serial3/0 is up, line protocol is up
  Internet Address 12.0.0.1/24, Area 0
  Process ID 10, Router ID 12.0.0.1, Network Type NON_BROADCAST//*网络类型为non-broadcast, Cost: 64
  Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State WAITING, Priority 1
  No designated router on this network
  No backup designated router on this network
  Timer intervals configured, Hello 30, Dead 120, Wait 120, Retransmit 5
    oob-resync timeout 120
    Hello due in 00:00:14
    Wait time before Designated router selection 00:01:14
  Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
  Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
  Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 0
  Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
  Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
  Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
R1#show ip ospf nei   //*通过命令，我们看不到OSPF的邻居关系

R1(config-if)#int s3/0
R1(config-if)#ip ospf network broadcast   //*将网络类型改为broadcast

R1#show ip ospf interface
Serial3/0 is up, line protocol is up
  Internet Address 12.0.0.1/24, Area 0
  Process ID 10, Router ID 12.0.0.1, Network Type BROADCAST//*更改成功, Cost: 64
  Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DROTHER, Priority 1
  Designated Router (ID) 12.0.0.2, Interface address 12.0.0.2
  Backup Designated router (ID) 12.0.0.2, Interface address 12.0.0.2
  Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
    oob-resync timeout 40
    Hello due in 00:00:07
  Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
  Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
  Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 0
  Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
  Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
  Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
R1#show ip ospf nei

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface
12.0.0.2          1   FULL/DR         00:00:34    12.0.0.2        Serial3/0   //*这是邻居关系建立好了

电信领域高增长的势头不减、无线增值业务的异军突起、互联网整体上升的拉动，在经历了4年的低迷状态后，IT行业的薪酬出现了回暖的迹象，但寒流依然暗藏：工作压力、职业风险和裁员压力的增加，使得IT人员的薪酬之路仍然崎岖。

大学毕业生的就业与薪酬状况直接反映了这个行业的发展速度和景气指数。IT行业人员的薪资从2001年之后，就逐渐往下走，2001年～2003年是IT行业全面低迷时期，部分企业薪资增长率接近于0%，但是，到2004年年底， 整个行业薪酬呈现出止跌回暖的状态。太和顾问2004年底的薪酬调查结果显示，2004年IT行业的薪酬增长率达到了7%～8%的高增长速度，呈现出极强的复苏势头。以互联网行业为例，2004年度互联网行业的整体薪酬出现了大幅增长，其中一般员工薪酬平均增长7%，经理层员工薪酬增长超过11%，决策层员工薪酬增长超过17%。新浪人力资源总监段东说：“新浪的薪酬涨幅要高于行业平均值2～3个百分点。”

五大高薪职位

电信高级测试工程师（年薪20万元） 他们是电信设备提供商产品能否推向市场的关键环节，因为无论是软件的编程还是硬件的研发，都是在独立的空间里面分别完成的，最后能否集成在一起以确保系统良好的运营，企业耗费巨资开发的产品能否实际应用，很大程度上取决于测试结果。创新能力、软硬兼通、具备三到五年测试的经验是这个职位必须具备的素质。

SP产品开发经理（年薪30万元） 作为SP行业的产品经理，负责产品的创意、研发、渠道、执行等环节，这样的人在这个行业里面是很少的，有经验的人也是很少的，薪酬自然相当高。这是一个极其富有挑战性的职位，你不但要有创意，还要能够实现。首先必须在很短的时间内创新开发出用户喜欢的产品。还要率领研发团队尽快执行，与电信运营商沟通与渠道商谈判，最后把产品推向用户。

手机研发经理（年薪31万元）不论从基本现金收入到总薪酬都高于其他职能部门经理薪酬水平，尤其是手机芯片制造商对于该类人才疯狂“挖角”，也导致研发部门的人才从制造商企业大量流失。物以稀为贵的道理人人通晓，薪酬自然水涨船高。

软件与系统集成领域的研发总监（年薪40万元） 研发队伍是软件/集成企业进行创新的原动力，经理级以上的高级研发人员，他们肩负着研发设计管理、监督员工工作甚至保证公司战略目标实现的职责，是软件/集成公司中的中坚力量，属于市场稀缺资源，因而企业为使其能够留在企业中并为企业创造更多价值，愿意支付更高的薪水。在本次调查中给付最高的公司为研发总监支付高于40万的年薪，足见公司对高级研发人员的重视程度。

网站财务总监（年薪50万元） 中国互联网行业的发展与国内外风险投资有着密切的关系。因为要和风险投资商洽谈风险投资事宜，这就使得互联网公司对财务部门负责人的要求不仅仅局限于分析公司财务状况，更要懂得如何制定公司财务战略和洽谈融资事务。而这种高级人才在整个市场中都是稀缺的，所以互联网公司为了能使公司有所发展，加大了对高级财务人员的成本，最高达到了50万元。

文章来源：http://www.kaifulee.com/modules/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=19256

OSPF 的网络类型更改配置

网络类型：

OSPF协议的五种网络类型

：1.POINT-TO-POINT(点到点网络）

2.广播多路访问（BROADCAST)

3.非广播多路访问（NBMA)

4.点到多点网络（POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT)

5.虚链路(VIRTUAL LINKS)

 试验拓扑：

试验配置：

R1的预配置：

Router>
Router>
Router>ena
Router#
Router#
Router#CONF t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#
Router(config)#host R1
R1(config)#
R1(config)#
R1(config)#line cons 0
R1(config-line)#no exec-timeout
R1(config-line)#logg synchronous
R1(config-line)#end
R1#
*Aug 20 00:50:35.511: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R1#
R1#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#inter s3/0
R1(config-if)#enc
R1(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
R1(config-if)#no frame-relay inverse-arp
R1(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 192.168.0.2 102 b
R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shut
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#
*Aug 20 00:52:32.155: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial3/0, changed state to up
R1(config)#
*Aug 20 00:52:43.155: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial3/0, changed state to up
R1(config)#router ospf 64
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
R1(config-router)#exit
R1(config)#end
R1#

R2的预配置：

Router>
Router>ena
Router#
Router#
Router#
Router#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#host R2
R2(config)#
R2(config)#line con 0
R2(config-line)#no exec-tim
R2(config-line)#logg syn
R2(config-line)#logg synchronous
R2(config-line)#end
R2#
*Aug 20 00:50:52.671: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R2#
R2#
R2#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R2(config)#inter ser3/0
R2(config-if)#enc frame-relay
R2(config-if)#no frame-relay inverse-arp
R2(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 192.168.0.1 201 b
R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no shut
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#
*Aug 20 00:53:51.255: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial3/0, changed state to up
R2(config)#
*Aug 20 00:54:02.255: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial3/0, changed state to up
R2(config)#
R2(config)#
R2(config)#router ospf 64
R2(config-router)#net 192.168.0.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
R2(config-router)#exit
R2(config)#end

查看R1的配置接口：

R1#show ip ospf interface
Serial3/0 is up, line protocol is up
  Internet Address 192.168.0.1/24, Area 0
  Process ID 64, Router ID 192.168.0.1, Network Type NON_BROADCAST, Cost: 64   //显示网络类型为非广播
  Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State WAITING, Priority 1  
  No designated router on this network
  No backup designated router on this network
  Timer intervals configured, Hello 30, Dead 120, Wait 120, Retransmit 5
    oob-resync timeout 120
    Hello due in 00:00:20
    Wait time before Designated router selection 00:00:50
  Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
  Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
  Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 0
  Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
  Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
  Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
R1#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#inte s3/0
R1(config-if)#ip ospf net
R1(config-if)#ip ospf network bro
R1(config-if)#ip ospf network broadcast
R1(config-if)#end
R1#sho
*Aug 20 00:59:46.747: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R1#show ip ospf inter 

更改R1的网络协议类型：

R1#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#inte s3/0
R1(config-if)#ip ospf net
R1(config-if)#ip ospf network bro
R1(config-if)#ip ospf network broadcast
R1(config-if)#end

再次在R1接口上查看：

R1#show ip ospf inter
R1#show ip ospf inter
Serial3/0 is up, line protocol is up
  Internet Address 192.168.0.1/24, Area 0
  Process ID 64, Router ID 192.168.0.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 64
  Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DROTHER, Priority 1   ///显示网络类型已被更改为广播类型
  Designated Router (ID) 192.168.0.2, Interface address 192.168.0.2
  Backup Designated router (ID) 192.168.0.2, Interface address 192.168.0.2
  Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
    oob-resync timeout 40
    Hello due in 00:00:03
  Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
  Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
  Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 0
  Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
  Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
  Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

R2的网络类型没更改前：

R2#show ip ospf inter
R2#show ip ospf interface
Serial3/0 is up, line protocol is up
  Internet Address 192.168.0.2/24, Area 0
  Process ID 64, Router ID 192.168.0.2, Network Type NON_BROADCAST, Cost: 64
  Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
  Designated Router (ID) 192.168.0.2, Interface address 192.168.0.2
  No backup designated router on this network
  Timer intervals configured, Hello 30, Dead 120, Wait 120, Retransmit 5
    oob-resync timeout 120
    Hello due in 00:00:10
  Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
  Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
  Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 0
  Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
  Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
  Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
R2#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R2(config)#inter s3/0
R2(config-if)#ip ospf netw
R2(config-if)#ip ospf network bro
R2(config-if)#ip ospf network broadcast
R2(config-if)#end

R2的网络类型更改后：

R2#show ip ospf inter
R2#show ip ospf interface
Serial3/0 is up, line protocol is up
  Internet Address 192.168.0.2/24, Area 0
  Process ID 64, Router ID 192.168.0.2, Network Type NON_BROADCAST, Cost: 64
  Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
  Designated Router (ID) 192.168.0.2, Interface address 192.168.0.2
  No backup designated router on this network
  Timer intervals configured, Hello 30, Dead 120, Wait 120, Retransmit 5
    oob-resync timeout 120
    Hello due in 00:00:10
  Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
  Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
  Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 0
  Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
  Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
  Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
R2#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R2(config)#inter s3/0
R2(config-if)#ip ospf netw
R2(config-if)#ip ospf network bro
R2(config-if)#ip ospf network broadcast
R2(config-if)#end

调试R2和R1的OSPF的邻接关系的建立：

R1#clear ip ospf pr
R1#clear ip ospf process
Reset ALL OSPF processes? [no]: y
R1#
*Aug 20 01:02:24.247: OSPF: Interface Serial3/0 going Down
*Aug 20 01:02:24.247: OSPF: 192.168.0.1 address 192.168.0.1 on Serial3/0 is dead, state DOWN
*Aug 20 01:02:24.251: OSPF: Neighbor change Event on interface Serial3/0
*Aug 20 01:02:24.251: OSPF: DR/BDR election on Serial3/0
*Aug 20 01:02:24.251: OSPF: Elect BDR 0.0.0.0
*Aug 20 01:02:24.255: OSPF: Elect DR 192.168.0.2
*Aug 20 01:02:24.255: OSPF: Elect BDR 0.0.0.0
*Aug 20 01:02:24.255: OSPF: Elect DR 192.168.0.2
*Aug 20 01:02:24.259:        DR: 192.168.0.2 (Id)   BDR: none
*Aug 20 01:02:24.259: OSPF: 192.168.0.2 address 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 is dead, state DOWN
*Aug 20 01:02:24.263: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 64, Nbr 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached
*Aug 20 01:02:24.267: OSPF: Neighbor change Event on interface Serial3/0
*Aug 20 01:02:24.267: OSPF: DR/BDR election on Serial3/0
*Aug 20 01:02:24.271: OSPF: Elect BDR 0.0.0.0
*Aug 20 01:02:24.271: OSPF: Elect DR
R1#0.0.0.0
*Aug 20 01:02:24.271:        DR: none    BDR: none
*Aug 20 01:02:24.275: OSPF: Remember old DR 192.168.0.2 (id)
*Aug 20 01:02:24.411: OSPF: Interface Serial3/0 going Up
*Aug 20 01:02:24.691: OSPF: 2 Way Communication to 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0, state 2WAY
*Aug 20 01:02:24.695: OSPF: Backup seen Event before WAIT timer on Serial3/0
*Aug 20 01:02:24.695: OSPF: DR/BDR election on Serial3/0
*Aug 20 01:02:24.695: OSPF: Elect BDR 192.168.0.1
*Aug 20 01:02:24.699: OSPF: Elect DR 192.168.0.2
*Aug 20 01:02:24.699: OSPF: Elect BDR 192.168.0.1
*Aug 20 01:02:24.699: OSPF: Elect DR 192.168.0.2
*Aug 20 01:02:24.703:        DR: 192.168.0.2 (Id)   BDR: 192.168.0.1 (Id)
*Aug 20 01:02:24.703: OSPF: Send DBD to 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0x259C opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32
*Aug 20 01:02:24.759: OSPF: Build router LSA for area 0, router ID 192.168.0.1, seq 0x80000001
*Aug 20 01:02:24.767: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0x10E7 opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32  mtu 1500 stat
R1#e EXSTART
*Aug 20 01:02:24.767: OSPF: NBR Negotiation Done. We are the SLAVE
*Aug 20 01:02:24.771: OSPF: Send DBD to 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0x10E7 opt 0x52 flag 0x2 len 52
*Aug 20 01:02:24.975: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0x10E8 opt 0x52 flag 0x3 len 72  mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
*Aug 20 01:02:24.979: OSPF: Send DBD to 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0x10E8 opt 0x52 flag 0x0 len 32
*Aug 20 01:02:25.147: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0x10E9 opt 0x52 flag 0x1 len 32  mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
*Aug 20 01:02:25.151: OSPF: Exchange Done with 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0
*Aug 20 01:02:25.151: OSPF: Send LS REQ to 192.168.0.2 length 24 LSA count 2
*Aug 20 01:02:25.155: OSPF: Send DBD to 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0x10E9 opt 0x52 flag 0x0 len 32
*Aug 20 01:02:25.771: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 length 100 LSA count 2
*Aug 20 01:02:25.775: OSPF: Synchronized with 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0, state FULL
*Aug 20 01:02:25.775: %OSPF-5-
R1#ADJCHG: Process 64, Nbr 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R1#
*Aug 20 01:02:27.811: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 length 60 LSA count 1
*Aug 20 01:02:28.019: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 length 64 LSA count 1
*Aug 20 01:02:28.023: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 length 60 LSA count 1
R1#
*Aug 20 01:02:30.755: OSPF: Build router LSA for area 0, router ID 192.168.0.1, seq 0x80000003
R1#
*Aug 20 01:02:32.571: OSPF: Neighbor change Event on interface Serial3/0
*Aug 20 01:02:32.575: OSPF: DR/BDR election on Serial3/0
*Aug 20 01:02:32.575: OSPF: Elect BDR 192.168.0.1
*Aug 20 01:02:32.575: OSPF: Elect DR 192.168.0.2
*Aug 20 01:02:32.579:        DR: 192.168.0.2 (Id)   BDR: 192.168.0.1 (Id)
R1#
更改R1和R2的网络类型改为点到点：

R1(config)#inter s3/0
R1(config-if)#ip ospf netr
R1(config-if)#ip ospf net
R1(config-if)#ip ospf network po
R1(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-p
R1(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-point
R1(config-if)#
*Aug 20 01:06:29.027: OSPF: Interface Serial3/0 going Down
*Aug 20 01:06:29.027: OSPF: 192.168.0.1 address 192.168.0.1 on Serial3/0 is dead, state DOWN
*Aug 20 01:06:29.031: OSPF: Neighbor change Event on interface Serial3/0
*Aug 20 01:06:29.031: OSPF: DR/BDR election on Serial3/0
*Aug 20 01:06:29.035: OSPF: Elect BDR 0.0.0.0
*Aug 20 01:06:29.035: OSPF: Elect DR 192.168.0.2
*Aug 20 01:06:29.035: OSPF: Elect BDR 0.0.0.0
*Aug 20 01:06:29.039: OSPF: Elect DR 192.168.0.2
*Aug 20 01:06:29.039:        DR: 192.168.0.2 (Id)   BDR: none
*Aug 20 01:06:29.039: OSPF: 192.168.0.2 address 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 is dead, state DOWN
*Aug 20 01:06:29.043: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 64, Nbr 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached
R1(config-if)#
*Aug 20 01:06:29.047: OSPF: Neighbor change Event on interface Serial3/0
*Aug 20 01:06:29.047: OSPF: DR/BDR election on Serial3/0
*Aug 20 01:06:29.051: OSPF: Elect BDR 0.0.0.0
*Aug 20 01:06:29.051: OSPF: Elect DR 0.0.0.0
*Aug 20 01:06:29.051:        DR: none    BDR: none
*Aug 20 01:06:29.055: OSPF: Remember old DR 192.168.0.2 (id)
*Aug 20 01:06:29.059: OSPF: Interface Serial3/0 going Up
*Aug 20 01:06:29.263: OSPF: 2 Way Communication to 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0, state 2WAY
*Aug 20 01:06:29.263: OSPF: Send DBD to 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0x1170 opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32
*Aug 20 01:06:29.519: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0xF9 opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32  mtu 1500 state EXSTART
*Aug 20 01:06:29.523: OSPF: NBR Negotiation Done. We are the SLAVE
*Aug 20 01:06:29.523: OSPF: Send DBD to 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0xF9 opt 0x52 flag 0x2 len 92
*Aug 20 01:06:29.539: OSPF: Build router LSA for area 0, router ID 192.168.0.1, seq 0x80000004
*Aug 20 01:06:30.1
R1(config-if)#67: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0xFA opt 0x52 flag 0x3 len 72  mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
*Aug 20 01:06:30.171: OSPF: Send DBD to 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0xFA opt 0x52 flag 0x0 len 32
*Aug 20 01:06:30.175: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 length 64 LSA count 1
*Aug 20 01:06:30.667: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0xFB opt 0x52 flag 0x1 len 32  mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
*Aug 20 01:06:30.671: OSPF: Exchange Done with 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0
*Aug 20 01:06:30.675: OSPF: Send LS REQ to 192.168.0.2 length 12 LSA count 1
*Aug 20 01:06:30.675: OSPF: Send DBD to 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0xFB opt 0x52 flag 0x0 len 32
*Aug 20 01:06:31.055: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 length 64 LSA count 1
*Aug 20 01:06:31.059: OSPF: Synchronized with 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0, state FULL
R1(config-if)#
*Aug 20 01:06:31.063: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 64, Nbr 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R1(config-if)#
*Aug 20 01:06:32.407: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 length 60 LSA count 1
R1(config-if)#
*Aug 20 01:06:33.559: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 length 64 LSA count 1
R1(config-if)#
*Aug 20 01:06:35.491: OSPF: Build router LSA for area 0, router ID 192.168.0.1, seq 0x80000005
*Aug 20 01:06:36.163: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 length 76 LSA count 1
R1(config-if)#
R1(config-if)#
R1(config-if)#
*Aug 20 01:07:21.243: OSPF: Cannot see ourself in hello from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0, state INIT
*Aug 20 01:07:21.571: OSPF: 2 Way Communication to 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0, state 2WAY
*Aug 20 01:07:21.575: OSPF: Send DBD to 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0xB28 opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32
*Aug 20 01:07:21.579: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0x1D27 opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32  mtu 1500 state EXSTART
*Aug 20 01:07:21.583: OSPF: NBR Negotiation Done. We are the SLAVE
*Aug 20 01:07:21.583: OSPF: Send DBD to 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0x1D27 opt 0x52 flag 0x2 len 92
*Aug 20 01:07:21.747: OSPF: Build router LSA for area 0, router ID 192.168.0.1, seq 0x80000006
R1(config-if)#
*Aug 20 01:07:21.771: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0x1D28 opt 0x52 flag 0x3 len 72  mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
*Aug 20 01:07:21.775: OSPF: Send DBD to 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0x1D28 opt 0x52 flag 0x0 len 32
R1(config-if)#
*Aug 20 01:07:23.639: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0x1D29 opt 0x52 flag 0x1 len 32  mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
*Aug 20 01:07:23.643: OSPF: Exchange Done with 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0
*Aug 20 01:07:23.643: OSPF: Send LS REQ to 192.168.0.2 length 12 LSA count 1
*Aug 20 01:07:23.651: OSPF: Send DBD to 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 seq 0x1D29 opt 0x52 flag 0x0 len 32
*Aug 20 01:07:24.591: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 length 64 LSA count 1
*Aug 20 01:07:24.595: OSPF: Synchronized with 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0, state FULL
R1(config-if)#
*Aug 20 01:07:24.595: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 64, Nbr 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R1(config-if)#
*Aug 20 01:07:27.715: OSPF: Build router LSA for area 0, router ID 192.168.0.1, seq 0x80000007
R1(config-if)#
*Aug 20 01:07:30.063: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 length 60 LSA count 1
*Aug 20 01:07:30.863: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 192.168.0.2 on Serial3/0 length 76 LSA count 1
R1(config-if)#
R1(config-if)#
R1(config-if)#end
R1#
R1#

R2的网络类型改为点到点：

R2(config)#inter ser3/0
R2(config-if)#ip ospf net
R2(config-if)#ip ospf network po
R2(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-po
R2(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-point
R2(config-if)#
*Aug 20 01:07:36.511: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 64, Nbr 192.168.0.1 on Serial3/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached
R2(config-if)#
*Aug 20 01:07:37.643: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 64, Nbr 192.168.0.1 on Serial3/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done

R2(config-if)#

R2(config)#int lo0
R2(config-if)#ip ad 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#int s2/1
R2(config-if)#ip ad 12.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#int s2/2
R2(config-if)#ip ad 23.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)# no sh
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#router ospf 1
R2(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
R2(config-router)#network 2.2.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(config-router)#network 23.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

R3(config)#int s2/1
R3(config-if)#ip ad 23.0.0.3 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no sh
R3(config-if)#int s2/2
R3(config-if)#ip ad 34.0.0.3 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no sh
R3(config-if)#int lo0
R3(config-if)#ip ad 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#exit
R3(config)#router ospf 1
R3(config-router)#network 3.3.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R3(config-router)#network 23.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R3(config-router)#network 34.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 2

R4(config)#in lo0
R4(config-if)#ip ad 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.0
R4(config-if)#int s2/1
R4(config-if)#ip ad 34.0.0.4 255.255.255.0
R4(config-if)#no sh
R4(config-if)#exit
R4(config)#router ospf 1
R4(config-router)#network 4.4.4.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
R4(config-router)#network 34.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 2

OSPF的虚链路配置

试验拓扑：

实验配置：

各路由器的基本配置：

R1#
R1#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#inter s2/1
R1(config-if)#ip add 12.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shut
R1(config-if)#exit        
R1(config)#router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#network 12.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
R1(config-router)#exit
R1(config)#end
R1#
*Aug 19 23:19:30.447: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R1#
*Aug 19 23:20:07.759: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/1, changed state to up
R1#
*Aug 19 23:20:30.235: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 23.0.0.2 on Serial2/1 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R1#
R1#show ip inter brief
Interface                  IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
FastEthernet0/0            unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial2/0                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial2/1                  12.0.0.1        YES manual up                    up     
Serial2/2                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial2/3                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/0                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/1                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/2                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/3                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down 

Router>
Router>ena
Router#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#host R2
R2(config)#line con 0
R2(config-line)#no exec-ti
R2(config-line)#no exec-timeout
R2(config-line)#logg syn
R2(config-line)#logg synchronous
R2(config-line)#end
R2#
*Aug 19 23:15:44.555: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R2#
R2#
R2#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R2(config)#inter s2/1
R2(config-if)#ip add 12.0.0.2 255.255.255.0.

R2(config-if)#no shut
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#inter ser2/2
R2(config-if)#
*Aug 19 23:19:18.931: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial2/1, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#
*Aug 19 23:19:19.935: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/1, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#inter ser2/2
R2(config-if)#ip add 23.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no shut
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#router ospf 1
R2(config-router)#net 12.0.0.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
R2(config-router)#net 2
*Aug 19 23:19:55.783: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 12.0.0.1 on Serial2/1 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
*Aug 19 23:19:56.019: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/2, changed state to down
R2(config-router)#net 23.0.0.2 0.0.0.0 area 1
R2(config-router)#exit
R2(config)#end
R2#
*Aug 19 23:20:19.023: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R2#
*Aug 19 23:21:45.983: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/2, changed state to up
R2#
*Aug 19 23:22:58.399: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 34.0.0.3 on Serial2/2 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R2#
R2#show ip inter brief
Interface                  IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
FastEthernet0/0            unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial2/0                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial2/1                  12.0.0.2        YES manual up                    up     
Serial2/2                  23.0.0.2        YES manual up                    up     
Serial2/3                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/0                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/1                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/2                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/3                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   

Router>
Router>ena
Router#
Router#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#host R3.

R3(config)#line con 0
R3(config-line)#no exec-timeout
R3(config-line)#logg synchronous
R3(config-line)#end
R3#
*Aug 19 23:17:17.755: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R3#
R3#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R3(config)#host R3
R3(config)#line con 0
R3(config-line)#no exec-timeout
R3(config-line)#logging synchronous
R3(config-line)#end
R3#
*Aug 19 23:17:32.195: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R3#
R3#
R3#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R3(config)#inter s2/1
R3(config-if)#ip add 23.0.0.3 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no shut
R3(config-if)#inter
*Aug 19 23:20:46.863: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial2/1, changed state to up
*Aug 19 23:20:47.863: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/1, changed state to up.

R3(config-if)#exit
R3(config)#inter ser2/2
R3(config-if)#ip add 34.0.0.3 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no shut
R3(config-if)#exit
R3(config)#
*Aug 19 23:21:13.927: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial2/2, changed state to up
R3(config)#
*Aug 19 23:21:14.931: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/2, changed state to up
R3(config)#router ospf 1
R3(config-router)#network 23.0.0.3 0.0.0.0 area 1
R3(config-router)#net 34.0.0.3 0.0.0.0 area 1
R3(config-router)#exit
R3(config)#end
R3#
R3#
*Aug 19 23:23:56.211: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/2, changed state to up
R3#
*Aug 19 23:25:05.311: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 45.0.0.4 on Serial2/2 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R3#
R3#show ip inter brief
Interface                  IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
FastEthernet0/0            unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial2/0                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial2/1                  23.0.0.3        YES manual up                    up     
Serial2/2                  34.0.0.3        YES manual up                    up     
Serial2/3                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/0                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/1                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/2                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/3                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
R3#

R4#
R4#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R4(config)#inter ser2/1
R4(config-if)#ip add 34.0.0.4 255.255.255.0
R4(config-if)#no shut
R4(config-if)#exit

R4(config)#inter ser2/2
R4(config-if)#ip add 45.0.0.4 255.255.255.0
R4(config-if)#no shut
R4(config-if)#exit
R4(config)#
*Aug 19 23:22:43.427: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial2/2, changed state to up
R4(config)#
*Aug 19 23:22:44.431: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/2, changed state to up
R4(config)#router ospf 1
R4(config-router)#net 34.0.0.4 0.0.0.0 area 1
R4(config-router)#net
*Aug 19 23:23:16.099: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 34.0.0.3 on Serial2/1 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R4(config-router)#net 45.0.0.4 0.0.0.0 area 0
R4(config-router)#exit
R4(config)#end
R4#
*Aug 19 23:23:40.767: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R4#
*Aug 19 23:24:38.691: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/2, changed state to up
R4#
*Aug 19 23:25:10.643: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 45.0.0.5 on Serial2/2 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R4#show ip inter brief
Interface                  IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
FastEthernet0/0            unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial2/0                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial2/1                  34.0.0.4        YES manual up                    up     
Serial2/2                  45.0.0.4        YES manual up                    up     
Serial2/3                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/0                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/1                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/2                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
Serial3/3                  unassigned      YES unset  administratively down down   
R4#

R5#
R5#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R5(config)#inter ser2/2
R5(config-if)#ip add 45.0.0.5 255.255.255.0
R5(config-if)#no shut
R5(config-if)#exit
R5(config)#router o
*Aug 19 23:23:39.839: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial2/2, changed state to up
R5(config)#router ospf 1
R5(config-router)#net 45.0.0.5 0.0.0.0 area 0
R5(config-router)#
*Aug 19 23:24:06.899: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 45.0.0.4 on Serial2/2 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done.

R5(config-router)#exit
R5(config)#end
R5#

在R2上配置虚链路：

R2(config)#router ospf 1//启动OSPF进程1

R2(config-router)#area 1 virtual-link 45.0.0.4  ///指定区域1中的虚链路对端的地址
R2(config-router)#end
R2#
*Aug 19 23:32:45.671: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R2#
*Aug 19 23:33:35.203: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 45.0.0.4 on OSPF_VL0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R2#

在R4上配置虚链路：

R4(config)#router ospf 1
R4(config-router)#area 1
*Aug 19 23:33:39.171: %OSPF-4-ERRRCV: Received invalid packet: mismatch area ID, from backbone area must be virtual-link but not found from 23.0.0.2, Serial2/1
R4(config-router)#area 1 virtual-link 23.0.0.2
R4(config-router)#end
R4#
*Aug 19 23:34:02.219: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 23.0.0.2 on OSPF_VL0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R4#
*Aug 19 23:34:03.275: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R4#
R4#
R4#show ip ospf virtual-links   ///查看R4的虚链路的配置
Virtual Link OSPF_VL0 to router 23.0.0.2 is up     //到23.0.0.2（R2的R outer ID)的虚链路已经建立成功
  Run as demand circuit
  DoNotAge LSA allowed.    ///OSPF在虚链路上运行demand circuit  ，所以LSA不需要刷新（DoNotAge）
  Transit area 1, via interface Serial2/1, Cost of using 128
  Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT,
  Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
    Hello due in 00:00:05
    Adjacency State FULL (Hello suppressed)   ///虚链路的邻接关系一FULL正常
    Index 2/3, retransmission queue length 0, number of retransmission 1
    First 0x0(0)/0x0(0) Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
    Last retransmission scan length is 1, maximum is 1
    Last retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
试验总结：

根据配置，理解实际的配置原理。

R2(config)#int e0/0
R2(config-if)#ip ad 1.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh

R3(config)#int e0/0
R3(config-if)#ip ad 1.1.1.3 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no sh

//*在R1上运行OSPF
R1(config)#router ospf 10
R1(config-router)#network 1.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R1(config-router)#exit
R1(config)#exit
R1#
*Mar  1 00:14:22.767: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R1#debug ip ospf adj
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
R1#
*Mar  1 00:14:59.587: OSPF: end of Wait on interface Ethernet0/0
*Mar  1 00:14:59.587: OSPF: DR/BDR election on Ethernet0/0
*Mar  1 00:14:59.587: OSPF: Elect BDR 1.1.1.1
*Mar  1 00:14:59.591: OSPF: Elect DR 1.1.1.1
*Mar  1 00:14:59.591: OSPF: Elect BDR 0.0.0.0
*Mar  1 00:14:59.591: OSPF: Elect DR 1.1.1.1
*Mar  1 00:14:59.595:        DR: 1.1.1.1 (Id)   BDR: none   //*由于在次网络中，没有其他运行OSPF的路由，故R1将自己选举为DR，而BDR空缺。
*Mar  1 00:15:00.095: OSPF: No full nbrs to build Net Lsa for interface Ethernet0/0

R2(config)#router ospf 10   //*现在在R2上运行OSPF
R2(config-router)#network 1.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(config-router)#end
*Mar  1 00:19:29.391: OSPF: Interface Ethernet0/0 going Up
*Mar  1 00:19:29.391: OSPF: Send hello to 224.0.0.5 area 0 on Ethernet0/0 from 1.1.1.2
*Mar  1 00:19:29.499: OSPF: Rcv hello from 1.1.1.1 area 0 from Ethernet0/0 1.1.1.1
*Mar  1 00:19:29.503: OSPF: 2 Way Communication to 1.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0, state 2WAY   //*当R2收到R1回复的Hello包，两者进入了 2WAY 状态。
*Mar  1 00:19:29.503: OSPF: Backup seen Event before WAIT timer on Ethernet0/0
*Mar  1 00:19:29.507: OSPF: DR/BDR election on Ethernet0/0
*Mar  1 00:19:29.507: OSPF: Elect BDR 1.1.1.2
*Mar  1 00:19:29.507: OSPF: Elect DR 1.1.1.1
*Mar  1 00:19:29.511: OSPF: Elect BDR 1.1.1.2
*Mar  1 00:19:29.511: OSPF: Elect DR 1.1.1.1   //*公布选举结果：DR为R1，BDR为R2
*Mar  1 00:19:29.511:        DR: 1.1.1.1 (Id)   BDR: 1.1.1.2 (Id)
*Mar  1 00:19:29.515: OSPF: Send DBD to 1.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0 seq 0x178F opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32
*Mar  1 00:19:29.519: OSPF: End of hello processing
*Mar  1 00:19:34.519: OSPF: Send DBD to 1.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0 seq 0x178F opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32
*Mar  1 00:19:34.519: OSPF: Retransmitting DBD to 1.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0 [1]
*Mar  1 00:19:34.687: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 1.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0 seq 0x1A35 opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32  mtu 1500 state EXSTART
*Mar  1 00:19:34.691: OSPF: First DBD and we are not SLAVE
*Mar  1 00:19:34.699: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 1.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0 seq 0x178F opt 0x52 flag 0x2 len 52  mtu 1500 state EXSTART
*Mar  1 00:19:34.699: OSPF: NBR Negotiation Done. We are the MASTER
*Mar  1 00:19:34.703: OSPF: Send DBD to 1.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0 seq 0x1790 opt 0x52 flag 0x3 len 52
*Mar  1 00:19:34.707: OSPF: Database request to 1.1.1.1
*Mar  1 00:19:34.707: OSPF: sent LS REQ packet to 1.1.1.1, length 12
*Mar  1 00:19:34.827: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 1.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0 seq 0x1790 opt 0x52 flag 0x0 len 32  mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
*Mar  1 00:19:34.831: OSPF: Send DBD to 1.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0 seq 0x1791 opt 0x52 flag 0x1 len 32
*Mar  1 00:19:34.839: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 1.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0 seq 0x1791 opt 0x52 flag 0x0 len 32  mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
*Mar  1 00:19:34.843: OSPF: Exchange Done with 1.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0
*Mar  1 00:19:34.843: OSPF: Synchronized with 1.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0, state FULL
*Mar  1 00:19:34.847: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 10, Nbr 1.1.1.1 on Ethernet0/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done

R1#debug ip ospf adj
R1#clear ip ospf process
Reset ALL OSPF processes? [no]: y   //*我们把R1的OSPF进程清掉,让路由重新建立邻居关系
*Mar  1 00:17:18.655: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 1.1.1.2 on Ethernet0/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detachedip
*Mar  1 00:17:21.395: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 1.1.1.2 on Ethernet0/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Donea
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
*Mar  1 00:17:24.335: OSPF: Build router LSA for area 0, router ID 1.1.1.1, seq 0x80000002
*Mar  1 00:17:31.123: OSPF: Neighbor change Event on interface Ethernet0/0
*Mar  1 00:17:31.127: OSPF: DR/BDR election on Ethernet0/0
*Mar  1 00:17:31.127: OSPF: Elect BDR 1.1.1.1
*Mar  1 00:17:31.127: OSPF: Elect DR 1.1.1.2
*Mar  1 00:17:31.127:        DR: 1.1.1.2 (Id)   BDR: 1.1.1.1 (Id)   //*现在R2成了主路由，R1成了备用路由。

R2(config)#int lo0
R2(config-if)#ip ad 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#int s2/1
R2(config-if)#ip ad 12.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#int s2/2
R2(config-if)#ip ad 23.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#router ospf 10
R2(config-router)#network 2.2.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(config-router)#network 23.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

R3(config)#int lo0
R3(config-if)#ip ad 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#int s2/1
R3(config-if)#ip ad 23.0.0.3 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no sh
R3(config-if)#int s2/2
R3(config-if)#ip ad 34.0.0.3 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no sh
R3(config-if)#exit
R3(config)#router ospf 10
R3(config-router)#network 3.3.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R3(config-router)#network 23.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R3(config-router)#network 34.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

R4(config)#int lo0
R4(config-if)#ip ad 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.0
R4(config-if)#int s2/1
R4(config-if)#ip ad 34.0.0.4 255.255.255.0
R4(config-if)#no sh
R4(config-if)#exit
R4(config)#router ospf 10
R4(config-router)#network 4.4.4.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R4(config-router)#network 34.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

show ip ospf interfae   //*查看OSPF接口
show ip ospf neighbor   //*查看OSPF邻居信息
show ip ospf neighbor detail   //*查看OSPF邻居的详细信息
show ip protocols   //*查看协议运行情况
show ip ospf stat   //*查看OSPF状态
show ip ospf   //*查看OSPF运行情况
show ip ospf database   //*查看OSPF数据库信息
show ip ospf database-summary   //*查看OSPF数据库的统计信息
show ip ospf database router IP_Address   //*查看OSPF数据库中关于某个IP地址的详细信息

R2(config)#int s2/1
R2(config-if)#ip ad 23.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh

R3#show ip eigrp nei
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 10
H   Address                 Interface       Hold Uptime   SRTT   RTO  Q  Seq
                                            (sec)         (ms)       Cnt Num
0   23.0.0.2                Se2/2             10 00:00:51    1  3000  0  1   //*奠定两者的邻居关系

//*配置认证的密码
R3(config)#key chain mima
R3(config-keychain)#key 1
R3(config-keychain-key)#key-string norvel

R2(config)#key chain password
R2(config-keychain)#key 1
R2(config-keychain-key)#key-string norvel

//*在接口下调用
R3(config)#int s2/2
R3(config-if)#ip authentication key-chain eigrp 10 mima
*Aug 19 14:53:16.247: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP(0) 10: Neighbor 23.0.0.2 (Serial2/2) is down: keychain changed
*Aug 19 14:53:19.263: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP(0) 10: Neighbor 23.0.0.2 (Serial2/2) is up: new adjacency
R3(config-if)#ip authentication mode eigrp 10 md5
R3(config-if)#
*Aug 19 14:53:36.375: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP(0) 10: Neighbor 23.0.0.2 (Serial2/2) is down: authentication mode changed
R3(config-if)#end

R2(config)#
*Aug 19 14:53:16.191: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP(0) 10: Neighbor 23.0.0.3 (Serial2/1) is down: Interface Goodbye received
*Aug 19 14:53:20.999: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP(0) 10: Neighbor 23.0.0.3 (Serial2/1) is up: new adjacency
*Aug 19 14:53:36.315: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP(0) 10: Neighbor 23.0.0.3 (Serial2/1) is down: Auth failure   //*此时R2认证失败。

R3#debug eigrp packets
EIGRP Packets debugging is on
    (UPDATE, REQUEST, QUERY, REPLY, HELLO, IPXSAP, PROBE, ACK, STUB, SIAQUERY, SIAREPLY)
R3#u all
*Aug 19 15:02:03.443: EIGRP: Sending HELLO on Serial2/2
*Aug 19 15:02:03.443:   AS 10, Flags 0x0, Seq 0/0 idbQ 0/0 iidbQ un/rely 0/0
*Aug 19 15:02:03.611: EIGRP: Serial2/2: ignored packet from 23.0.0.2, opcode = 5 (invalid authentication or key-chain missing)   //*调试信息显示：认证失败或者密钥丢失

R2(config)#int s2/1
R2(config-if)#ip authentication key-chain eigrp 10 password
R2(config-if)#ip authentication mode eigrp 10 md5   //*这R2上也做认证。同时密码和加密方式要和R3一致。

R3#debug eigrp packets
EIGRP Packets debugging is on
    (UPDATE, REQUEST, QUERY, REPLY, HELLO, IPXSAP, PROBE, ACK, STUB, SIAQUERY, SIAREPLY)
*Aug 19 14:59:07.579: EIGRP: Sending HELLO on Serial2/2
*Aug 19 14:59:07.579:   AS 10, Flags 0x0, Seq 0/0 idbQ 0/0 iidbQ un/rely 0/0
*Aug 19 14:59:09.911: EIGRP: received packet with MD5 authentication, key id = 1   //*接收到一贯MD5加密的认证包
*Aug 19 14:59:09.911: EIGRP: Received HELLO on Serial2/2 nbr 23.0.0.2   //*收到了R2上的Hello包，说明通过认证
*Aug 19 14:59:09.915:   AS 10, Flags 0x0, Seq 0/0 idbQ 0/0 iidbQ un/rely 0/0 peerQ un/rely 0/0